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Somalia
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Somalia (Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال‎ transliteration: aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال‎ transliteration: Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya on its southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen on its north, the Indian Ocean at its east, and Ethiopia to the west.

This article describes its overall history. See Somalia for details of the country as it is today.

[edit] Ancient History

Map of Somalia according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea

Greek merchants and explorers in the Erythraean (Red) Sea referred to Somalia as two regions, the Berber Coast (the Red Sea Coast of Somalia) and Azania, which actually included the coasts of modern Kenya and Tanzania as well as the Somali East Coast. Traders made the journey to Somalia in order to purchase Myrrh and Frankincense, both highly valuable commodities as they were required for many religious ceremonies and in perfumes, in great demand throughout the Roman Empire, Asia, India and China.

[edit] Zheng He & Ibn Battuta

Between the 13th and 14th centuries, Somalia was visited by two famous explorers, Ibn Battuta and Zheng He. During his visit to Mogadishu in 1331, Ibn Battuta had this to say about the city and its people:

It is a town endless in its size. Its people have many camels, of which they slaughter hundreds every day, and they have many sheep. Its people are powerful merchants. In it are manufactured the clothes named after the city, which have no rival, and which are transported as far as Egypt and elsewhere.

On his fourth (1413-15) and fifth voyage (1416-19), Zheng He visited several city states on the Somali coast including Mogadishu.

[edit] The rise of Marehan Sultanates and Dynasty of Adal & the Ethiopian Empire war

Muslim Somalia enjoyed friendly relations with neighboring Christian Ethiopia for centuries. Despite jihad raging everywhere else in the Muslim world, Muhammad had issued a hadith proscribing Muslims from attacking Ethiopia (so long as Ethiopia was not the aggressor), as it had sheltered some of Islam's first converts from persecution in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Parts of northwestern Somalia came under the rule of the Solomonic Ethiopian Kingdom in medieval times, especially during the reign of Amda Seyon I (r. 1314-1344). In 1403 or 1415 (under Emperor Dawit I or Emperor Yeshaq I, respectively) measures were taken against the Muslim Sultanate of Adal (located in present-day northwestern Somalia, southern Djibouti, and the Somali, Oromia, and Afar regions of Ethiopia, centered around first Zeila then Harar, and populated by both Somalis and Afars), a tributary kingdom that revolted and whose raids were disrupting rule in adjacent areas. His campaign was eventually successful, but took much longer than other campaigns at the time due to the tendency of Adal warriors to disappear into the countryside after fighting. In 1403 (or 1415), the Emperor eventually captured King Sa'ad ad-Din II in Zeila and had him executed, with the Walashma ruling family exiled to Yemen. The Walashma Chronicle, however, records the date as 1415, which would make the Ethiopian victor Emperor Yeshaq I. After the war, the reigning king had his minstrels compose a song praising his victory, which contains the first written record of the word "Somali".

Ahmed Gurey monument in Mogadishu.

The area remained under Ethiopian control for another century or so. However, starting around 1527 under the charismatic leadership of Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (Gurey in Somali, Gragn in Amharic, both meaning "left-handed), Adal revolted and invaded Ethiopia. Regrouped Muslim armies with Ottoman support and arms marched into Ethiopia employing scorched earth tactics and slaughtered any Ethiopian who refused to convert from Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity to Islam.

^[1] Moreover, hundreds of churches were destroyed during the invasion, and an estimated 80% of the manuscripts in the country were destroyed in the process. Adal's use of firearms, still only rarely used in Ethiopia, allowed the conquest of well over half of Ethiopia, reaching as far north as Tigray. The complete conquest of Ethiopia was averted by the timely arrival of a Portuguese expedition led by Cristovão da Gama, son of the famed navigator Vasco da Gama. The Portuguese had been in the area earlier in early 16th centuries (in search of the legendary priest-king Prester John), and although a diplomatic mission from Portugal, led by Rodrigo de Lima, had failed to improve relations between the countries, they responded to the Ethiopian pleas for help and sent a military expedition to their fellow Christians. A Portuguese fleet under the command of Estêvão da Gama was sent from India and arrived at Massawa in February 1541. Here he received an ambassador from the Emperor beseeching him to send help against the Muslims, and in July following a force of 400 musketeers, under the command of Christovão da Gama, younger brother of the admiral, marched into the interior, and being joined by Ethiopian troops they were at first successful against the Muslims but they were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Wofla (28 August 1542), and their commander captured and executed. On February 21, 1543, however, a joint Portuguese-Ethiopian force defeated the Muslim army at the Battle of Wayna Daga, in which Ahmed Gurey was killed and the war won.

Ahmed Gurey's widow married his nephew Nur ibn Mujahid, who belonged to the Marehan clan, in return for his promise to avenge Ahmed's death, who succeeded Ahmed Gurey, and continued hostilities against his northern adversaries until he killed the Ethiopian Emperor in his second invasion of Ethiopia, Emir Nur died in 1567; the Ethiopians sacked Zeila in 1660.^{[citation needed]} The Portuguese, meanwhile, tried to conquer Mogadishu but according to Duarta Barbosa never succeeded in taking it. The sultanate of Adal disintegrated into small independent states, many of which were ruled by Somali chiefs.^{[citation needed]} Zeila became a dependency of Yemen, and was then incorporated into the Ottoman Empire.

[edit] Ajuuraan Dynasty

Market in Mogadishu around 1882.

On the other side of East Africa in the 14th century, the Ajuuran dynasty formed a centralized state in the lower Shabeelle valley, ruling over a territory that stretched as far inland as modern Qalafo and towards the coast almost to Mogadishu. Said S. Samatar, writing with David Laitin, notes that the Ajuuran sultanate "represents one of the rare occasions in Somali history when a pastoral state achieved large-scale centralization", and notes that it grew larger and more powerful than coastal city-states of Mogadishu, Merka and Baraawe combined.^[2]

Hobyo, the ancient port of Somalia was the commercial centre of the Ajuuraan Sultanate, all the commercial goods grown or harvested along the Shabelle river were brought to Hobyo to trade, as Hobyo remained the active mercantile pitstop of ancient times. The Ajuuraan rulers collected their tribute from the town in the form of sorghum (durra), making the port of Hobyo incredibly profitable for the Ajuuraan sultans.

Trade between Hobyo and the Banaadir coast flourished for some time. So vital was Hobyo to the prosperity of the Ajuuraan Sultanate, that when local sheikhs successfully revolted against the Ajuuraan Sultan and established an independent Imamate of the Hiraab, the power of the Ajuuraan sultans crumbled within a century.

Due to Portuguese predations, internal discord, and encroaching nomads from the north, the Ajuuran sultanate disintegrated at the end of the 17th century. According to Said Samatar, almost a full century passed before a successor state emerged: the Geledi Sultanate, which was based in the town of Afgooye and ruled over the lower Shabeelle region. Meanwhile, the Sultanate of Oman of south Arabia ousted the Portuguese from the Benaadir coast, and ruled the Benaadir coast with what Samatar describes as a "light hand" until the European Scramble for Africa in the 1880s. "As long as the Somali cities paid their yearly tribute (which was by no means extortionate), flew the Omani flag, and accepted Omani overlordship, the Omanis allowed the Somalis to run their internal affairs. The role of the Omani governors in Mogadishu, Merca, and Baraawe was largely a ceremonial one. However, when Omani authority was challenged, the Omanis could be severe."^[3]

In the 17th century, Somalia fell under the sway of the rapidly expanding Ottoman Empire, who exercised control through hand picked local Somali governors. In 1728 the Ottomans evicted the last Portuguese occupation and claimed sovereignty over the whole Horn of Africa. However, their actual exercise of control was fairly modest, as they demanded only a token annual tribute and appointed an Ottoman judge to act as a kind of Supreme Court for interpretations of Islamic law. By the 1850s Ottoman power was in decline.

[edit] Kingdom of Majeerteenia

Farther east on the Bari coast, two kingdoms emerged that would play a significant political role on the Somali Peninsula prior to colonization. These were the Majeerteen Sultanate of Boqor(king) Osman Mahamuud, and that of his kinsman Sultan Yuusuf Ali Keenadiid of Hobyo (Obbia). The Majeerteen Sultanate originated in the mid eighteenth century, but only came into its own in the nineteenth century with the reign of the resourceful Boqor Osman. Boqor Osman Mahamuud's kingdom benefited from British subsidies (for protecting the British naval crews that were shipwrecked periodically on the Somali coast) and from a liberal trade policy that facilitated a flourishing commerce in livestock, ostrich feathers, and gum arabic. While acknowledging a vague vassalage to the British, the Sultan kept his kingdom free until well after the 1900s.

Boqor Ismaan Mahamuud's sultanate was nearly destroyed in the middle of the nineteenth century by a power struggle between him and his young, ambitious cousin, Keenadiid. Nearly five years of destructive civil war passed before Boqor Ismaan Mahamuud managed to stave off the challenge of the young upstart, who was finally driven into exile in Arabia. A decade later, in the 1870s, Keenadiid returned from Arabia with a score of Hadhrami musketeers and a band of devoted lieutenants. With their help, he carved out the small kingdom of Hobyo after conquering the local clans.

The Boqors descendants live on in the Washington DC metropolitan area. They have altered their surnames to "Samantar" instead of "Samatar".

[edit] Warsangeli Sultanate or Sultanate of Northern Somalia

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The Warsangeli Sultanate was an imperial power centered around the borders of the North East of British Somaliland and some parts of South East of Italian Somaliland. It was one of the largest Sultanates of all times in Somalia, and, at the height of its power, it included the Sanaag region, parts of North East of Bari region. It was established by a tribe of Warsangeli in North of Somalia and ruled by the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin.

The Sultan (also known as the Gerad in some parts of Somalia) was the sole regent and government of the Sultanate, at least officially. The dynasty is most often called the Gerad or the House of North East Somaliland Sultan. The sultan enjoyed many titles such as Sovereign of the House of North East of Somaliland Sultanate, Sultan of Sultans of Somaliland. Note that the first rulers never called themselves sultans. The sultan title was established by Sultan Mohamud Ali Shire in 1897.

[edit] Sultans

Gerad Dhidhin (1298–1311)
Gerad Hamar Gale(1311–1328)
Gerad Ibrahim (1328–1340)
Gerad Omer (1340–1355)
Gerad Mohamud (1355–1375)
Gerad Ciise (1375–1392)
Gerad Siciid (1392–1409)
Gerad Ahmed (1409–1430)
Gerad Siciid (1430–1450)
Gerad Mohamud (1450–1479)
Gerad Ciise (1479–1491)
Gerad Ali dable (1491–1503)
Gerad Liban (1503–1525)
Garad Yuusuf (1525–1555)
Garad Mohamud (1555–1585)
Garad Abdale (1585–1612)
Garad Ali (1612–1655)
Gerad Mohamud (1655–1675)
Garad Naleye (1675–1705)
Garad Mohamed (1705–1750)
Gerad Ali (1750–1789)
Gerad Mohamud Ali (1789–1830)
Gerad Aul (1830-1870)
Gerad Ali Shire (1870–1897)
Sultan Mohamud Ali Shire (1897–1960)
Sultan Abdul Sallam (1960–1997)^{[citation needed]}
Sultan Saeed Bin Abdulsalam ( 1997 - present )

[edit] Scramble for Africa

Starting in 1875 the age of imperialism in Europe transformed Somalia. Britain, France, and Italy all made territorial claims on the peninsula. Britain already controlled the port city of Aden in Yemen, just across the Red Sea, and wanted to control its counterpart, Berbera, on the Somali side. The Red Sea was a crucial shipping lane to British colonies in India, and they wanted to secure these "gatekeeper" ports at all costs.

The French were interested in coal deposits further inland and wanted to disrupt British ambitions to construct a north-south transcontinental railroad along Africa's east coast, by blocking an important section.

Italy had just recently been reunited and was an inexperienced colonialist. They were happy to grab up any African land they didn't have to fight other Europeans for. They took control of the southern part of Somalia, which would become the largest European claim in the country, but the least strategically significant.

In 1884 Egypt, which had declared independence from the waning Ottoman Empire, had ambitions of restoring its ancient power, and set its sights on East Africa. However, the Sudanese resisted Egypt's advance and the Mahdist revolution of 1885 ejected the Egyptians from Sudan and shattered Egypt's hope of a neo-Egyptian empire. The few advance troops that had made it to Somalia had to be rescued by the British and escorted back to their own side of the fence.

Thereafter, the biggest threat to European colonial ambitions in Somalia came from Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II who had successfully avoided having his own country occupied, and was planning to invade Somalia again. By 1900 he had seized the Ogaden region in western Somalia, which was reconquered by the so-called "Mad Mullah" during the Dervish colonial resistance war[2] and then ceded to Ethiopia by Britain in 1945. Even today, long after all the Europeans had given up on their relatively valuable colonial possessions, Ogaden, the most barren of Somali provinces, is still frequently fought over by the two bordering nations.

[edit] Dervish resistance

The First Somali Capital

Somali resistance to foreign powers began in 1899 under the leadership of religious scholar Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, Ogaden sub-lineage of the Darod tribe and his mother was Dulbahante sub-lineage of the Darod tribe. Their primary targets were their traditional enemies the Ethiopians, and the British who controlled the most lucrative ports and were squeezing tax money from farmers who had to use the ports to ship their livestock to customers in the Middle East and India. Hasan was a brilliant orator and poet with a very strong following of Islamic fundamentalist dervishes all of which came from the Dulbahante tribe, these relentless and well organized warriors were Hasan's maternal relatives. They waged a bloody guerrilla war. This war lasted over two decades until the British Royal Air Force, having honed their skills in World War I, led a devastating bombing campaign against dervish strongholds in 1920, which caused Hasan to flee (he died of pneumonia soon after). The dervish struggle was one of the longest and bloodiest anti-Imperial resistance wars in sub-Saharan Africa, and cost the lives of nearly a third of northern Somalia's population: the Dulbahante lost half of their population during this era and there were heavy casualties on the Ethiopian and British sides as well. This was mainly due to the Dulbahante's refusal to sign the Protectorate Treaty and submit to British colonial rule. The Isaaq, the Issa, the Warsangali as well as the Gadabuursi signed the treaty with the British without any loss of life. The Dulbahante viewed themselves as the sole protector of greater Somalia, and resented the signatory tribes. After the long Anglo-dervish wars the British colonial leaders did not trust the Somalis; therefore, immediately after the Isaaq, the Issa, the Warsangali, and the Gadabuursi signed the treaty, they invoked article 7 of the treaty, sub-section 3(a)(j)(k)of which allowed the British Colonial Authority to enforce segregation rule and a head tax. It also subjected the children of the tribes that signed the treaty to CCTP (Children under Colonial Power under sub-section 3k).^{[citation needed]} CCTP dictated separating a percentage of the children from their mothers for special education, although the actual intent was to instill fear into the treaty members to enforce law and order. This caused some of the aforementioned tribal leaders to regret signing the treaty and wish they had resisted as the Dulbahante had done.^{[citation needed]}. As a matter of fact, Protection treaties served only major tribes. Dhulbahante were not considered as a significant clan. Clans that did not sign treaty were also Ayoup and Arap, two clans of Somaliland. Protection treaties also differed in their Provisions. British Treaty with Warsangeli was totally different than the other. In it, Warsangeli was granted full control of their territory besides the recognition of their sultanate, which had been in existence for the last six hundred years.

While the British were bogged down by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (known to the British as 'The Mad Mullah'), the French made little use of their Somali holdings, content that as long as the British were stymied, their job was done. This attitude may have contributed to why they were more or less left alone by the Dervishes. The Italians, though, were intent on larger projects and established an actual colony to which a significant number of Italian civilians migrated and invested in major agricultural development. By this time Mussolini was in power in Italy. He wanted to improve the world's respect for Italy by expert economic management of Italy's new colonies, upstaging the British and their various embarrassing problems with the Somalis.

Due to the constant fighting the British were afraid to invest in any expensive infrastructure projects that might easily be destroyed by guerillas. As a result, when the country was eventually reunited in the 1960s, the north, which had been under British control, lagged far behind the south in terms of economic development, and came to be dominated by the South. The bitterness from this state of affairs would be one of the sparks for the future civil war.

[edit] Italian campaigns

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Downtown Mogadishu in 1936. Arba Rucun mosque to the center right.

The dawn of fascism in the early 1920s heralded a change of strategy for Italy as the north-eastern sultanates were soon to be forced within the boundaries of La Grande Somalia according to the plan of fascist Italy. With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923 things began to change for that part of Somaliland. Italy had access to these parts under the successive protection treaties, but not direct rule. The fascist government had direct rule only over the Benaadir territory.

Given the defeat of the Dervish movement in the early 1920s and the rise of fascism in Europe, on 10 July 1925 Benito Mussolini gave the green light to De Vecchi to start the takeover of the north-eastern sultanates. Everything was to be changed and the treaties abrogated.

The real principles of colonialism meant possession and domination of the people, and the protection of the country from other greedy powers. Italy's interpretation of the treaties of protection with the north-eastern sultanates was comparable to her view of the Treaty of Wuchale with Ethiopia, and meant absolute control of the whole territory.^{[citation needed]} Never mind that the subsequent tension between Ethiopia and Italy had culminated in 1896 in the battle of Adwa in which the Italians were overwhelmed and defeated.

Governor De Vecchi's first plan was to disarm the sultanates. But before the plan could be carried out there should be sufficient Italian troops in both sultanates. To make the enforcement of his plan more viable, he began to reconstitute the old Somali police corps, the Corpo Zaptié, as a colonial force.

In preparation for the plan of invasion of the sultanates, the Alula Commissioner, E. Coronaro received orders in April 1924 to carry out a reconnaissance on the territories targeted for invasion. In spite of the forty year Italian relationship with the sultanates, Italy did not have adequate knowledge of the geography. During this time, the Stefanini-Puccioni geological survey was scheduled to take place, so it was a good opportunity for the expedition of Coronaro to join with this.

Coronaro's survey concluded that the Majeerteen Sultanate depended on sea traffic, therefore, if this were blocked any resistance which could be mounted came after the invasion of the sultanate would be minimal. As the first stage of the invasion plan Governor De Vecchi ordered the two Sultanates to disarm. The reaction of both sultanates was to object, as they felt the policy was in breach of the protectorate agreements. The pressure engendered by the new development forced the two rival sultanates to settle their differences over Nugaal possession, and form a united front against their common enemy.

The Sultanate of Hobyo was different from that of Majeerteen in terms of its geography and the pattern of the territory. It was founded by Yusuf Ali in the middle of the nineteenth century in central Somaliland. The jurisdiction of Hobyo stretched from El-Dheere through to Dusa-Mareeb in the south-west, from Galladi to Galkayo in the west, from Jerriiban to Garaad in the north-east, and the Indian Ocean in the east.

By 1 October, De Vecchi's plan was to go into action. The operation to invade Hobyo started in October 1925. Columns of the new Zaptié began to move towards the sultanate. Hobyo, El-Buur, Galkayo, and the territory between were completely overrun within a month. Hobyo was transformed from a sultanate into an administrative region. Sultan Yusuf Ali surrendered. Nevertheless, soon suspicions were aroused as Trivulzio, the Hobyo commissioner, reported movement of armed men towards the borders of the sultanate before the takeover and after. Before the Italians could concentrate on the Majeerteen, they were diverted by new setbacks. On 9 November, the Italian fear was realized when a mutiny, led by one of the military chiefs of Sultan Ali Yusuf, Omar Samatar, recaptured El-Buur. Soon the rebellion expanded to the local population. The region went into revolt as El-Dheere also came under the control of Omar Samatar. The Italian forces tried to recapture El-Buur but they were repulsed. On 15 November the Italians retreated to Bud Bud and on the way they were ambushed and suffered heavy casualties.

While a third attempt was in the last stages of preparation, the operation commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Splendorelli, was ambushed between Bud Bud and Buula Barde. He and some of his staff were killed. As a consequence of the death of the commander of the operations and the effect of two failed operations intended to overcome the El-Buur mutiny, the spirit of Italian troops began to wane. The Governor took the situation seriously, and to prevent any more failure he requested two battalions from Eritrea to reinforce his troops, and assumed lead of the operations. Meanwhile, the rebellion was gaining sympathy across the country, and as far afield as Western Somaliland.

The fascist government was surprised by the setback in Hobyo. The whole policy of conquest was collapsing under its nose. The El-Buur episode drastically changed the strategy of Italy as it revived memories of the Adwa fiasco when Italy had been defeated by Abyssinia. Furthermore, in the Colonial Ministry in Rome, senior officials distrusted the Governor's ability to deal with the matter. Rome instructed De Vecchi that he was to receive the reinforcement from Eritrea, but that the commander of the two battalions was to temporarily assume the military command of the operations and De Vecchi was to stay in Mogadishu and confine himself to other colonial matters. In the case of any military development, the military commander was to report directly to the Chief of Staff in Rome.

While the situation remained perplexed, De Vecchi moved the deposed sultan to Muqdisho. Fascist Italy was poised to re-conquer the sultanate by whatever means. To manoeuvre the situation within Hobyo, they even contemplated the idea of reinstating Ali Yusuf. However, the idea was dropped after they became pessimistic about the results.

To undermine the resistance, however, and before the Eritrean reinforcement could arrive, De Vecchi began to instill distrust among the local people by buying the loyalty of some of them. In fact, these tactics had better results than had the military campaign, and the resistance began gradually to wear down. Given the anarchy which would follow, the new policy was a success.

On the military front, on 26 December 1925 Italian troops finally overran El-Buur, and the forces of Omar Samatar were compelled to retreat to Western Somaliland.

By neutralising Hobyo, the fascists could concentrate on the Majeerteen. In early October 1924, E. Coronaro, the new Alula commissioner, presented Boqor (king) Osman with an ultimatum to disarm and surrender. Meanwhile, Italian troops began to pour into the sultanate in anticipation of this operation. While landing at Haafuun and Alula, the sultanate's troops opened fire on them. Fierce fighting ensued and to avoid escalating the conflict and to press the fascist government to revoke their policy, Boqor Osman tried to open a dialogue. However, he failed, and again fighting bro

qayb iyaduna ka tirsan taariikhda oo afsoomaali ah

TAARIIKH KOOBAN: SOOMAALIYA & ITOOBIYA::::

Soomaalidu ma aqoonsan heshiiskii ay galeen Ingiriiska iyo Itoobiya ee loo yaqaan "Anglo-Ethiopian Treaty ee 1954", heshiikaas ay itoobiya ku sheegatay dhulka loo yaqaan Hawd oo dhigayey xadka cusub ee la sameeyey. Waxaana dhacdooyin ka bilowdeen Hawd lix bilood gudohood markii Soomaalida qaarkeed la siiyey xornimada (1960).
February 1964: Ayaa dagaal ka bilowday xadka la sameeyey ee Itoobiya iyo Soomaaliya. Itoobiya waxa ay diyaarado ku duqeeyeen meelo ka mid ah gudaha Soomaaliya, waxaa dagaalkaasi qaboobey bishii April 1964 kaddib markii ay Suudaan oo garabsaney ururkii OAU soo kala dhex gashay. Waxaana la isla gaarey xabbad-joojin.
1964: Itoobiya iyo Kenya waxa ay wada geleen heshiis u gaar ah, kaas oo ku saabsanaa sidii si wadjir ah ay isaga kaashan lahaayeen iska difaaca Soomaaliya, maadama ay labadaas dalba haystaan dhul Soomaaliyeed (NFD & Soomaali Galbeed), heshiiskaas waxa ay cusboonaysiiyeen sannadkii 1980, waxana ay mar saddexaad cusboonaysiiyeen August 28, 1987.
July 23 1977: ciidanka Soomaaliya ayaa galay dhulka Soomaaliyeed ee xabashu gumaysato ee Soomaali Galbeed. Ethiopia waxa ay taageero militari ka heshay dalalka USSR, Cuba iyo Libya. Dagaal khasaare badan geysey ayaa dhexmaray Somali iyo Itoobiya.
November 1977 Soomaalidu waxa ay eryeen Ruuskii ku sugnaa cariga Soomaaliya. Waxana ay Soomaaliya markaas mucaawino weydiisatey USA iyo UK. USA waxa ay ogolaadeen oo qura taageerida aadaminimo, halka UK ay Soomaaliya siisay mucaawino aadamino iyo hub intaba. OAU ayaa isku deyey in ay wadahal soo qabanqaabiyaan laakiin waftigii Soomaaliya ayaa kabaxay wadahadalkii. Itoobiya waxa ay bilowdey habkii lamagbaxay "scorched earth" oo afsoomaali ahaan u dhiganta "dhulka u cadayn sidii laf hilibka laga xaquuqay" kan oo ahaa in lasumeeyo biyaha, la laayo xoolaha, dhulka ladeganyahay dadka iyo duunyada laga barakiciyo, taas oo dhanka ka ahayd (SALF). Taageero ay Itoobiya ka heshay Ruuska awgeed waxa ay dib u qababsatay Soomaali Galbeed (Ogaden) markey taariikhu ahayd March 15, 1978, dhulkaas oo ay ilaa hadda (2006) gumeysato.
June 30, 1982 ayey ahayd markii ay ciidamada Itoobiya oo garabsanaya Jabhadii Soomaaliyeed ay soo weerareen magaalooyin ku yaal xadka, waxana ay qabsadeen magaalada Balanballe. August 1982 ayey markale weerar soo qaadeen Itoobiyaanku waxana ay qabsadeen magaalada Galdogob oo 50 km oo keliya u jirta Magaalada Gaalkacyo. Weerarkii xabashidu ku soo wadey Soomaaliya waxa uu istagey kaddib markii uu Maraykanku gargaar degdeg ah oo Militari uu siiyey Soomaaliya. Laakiin labadii magaalo ee Galdogob iyo Balanballe waxa ay ku sii jireen gacanta Itoobiya, magaalooyinkaas oo maamulidooda ay isku qabsadeen Itoobiya iyo Jabhaddii SSDF, taas oo sababtay in Itoobiya ay burburiso jabhaddii SSDF kaddib markii ay dantii ay lahayd ku gaartey oo ahayd dhulkii ay hore u haysatey in ay ku sii darsato dhul kale.
April 1988: Itoobiya oo markaas colaad kaga furnayd Eritrea ayaa ogolaatay heshiis ay la gashay Soomaalida. Heshiis kasta oo lala galay Soomaalidu marna kama tanaasulin sidii ay usoo ceshan lahayd dhulka ka maqan ee gumaystayaashii hore ay ku wareejineen dalalka deriska la ah Soomaaliya, Arrimhaas soo taxnaa waa kuwa markasta cakiraya in nabadda Soomaaliya ay hore u socoto.

TAARIIKH HORE EE SOOMAALIYA::::

1,500 BC Fircoonkii la oranjirey Seankhane Menthuhoteps IV ee Thebes ayaa sahan safar badeed usoodiray xeebaha Soomaaliya, kuwaas oo loo aqoonjirey dhulkii uduga "The Land of Punt."
7-900 AD Carab iyo Beershiyaan [Persians] ayaa xiriir layeeshay jaaliyaadihii kunoolaa xeebaha Saylac, Muqdisho, Marka iyo Baraawe.
1528-35 AD Ahmed "Gurey" ayaa dagaal lagalay Abyssinians isagoo siweyn isaga difaacay ilaa ay usoo hiiliyeen ciidan hubaysan oo Bortuqiis ah [Portugese musketeers].
1889 Kadib markii ay heshiis galeen Suldaano iyo Ingiriiska ayuu Woqooyiga Soomaaliya ka dhaqangeliyey Somaliland.
1894 ayaa heshiiska loo yaqaab "Tripartite Accord" waxaa wada garey Ingiriiska [Great Britain], Talyaaniga [Italy], iyo Itoobiya [Ethiopia], kaas oo kusaabsanaa dhulka Soomaaliya. Talyaaniga waxaa lasiiyey dhulka soo eegaya badweynta Hindiya oo waagii dambe loo bixiyey Italian Somaliland. Heshiiskaasu wuxuu aqoonsaday in Mililikh [Menelik] uu qaato dhulka galbeed ee Soomaaliya ee loo yaqaan Ogaden.
1899 Maxamad Cadulle xasan ayaa la dagaalamay wadaamada Ingiriiska [British], Talyaaniga iyo Ethiopia.
1940 Talyaaniga ayaa qabsaday dhulkii ingiriisku qaatay ee Somaliland, qabsashadaasi muddo badan masii jirin.
1947 Waxaa la asaasay xisbigii dhallinyatada Soomaaliyeed ee SYL [Somali Youth League], oo ahaa xisbigii siyaasiga ahaa ee ugu horreeyey Soomaalida cusub.
1950 Qaramada Midoobey [UN] ayaa dhulkii talyaanigu haystey ogolaatay xorimo gaarsiin oo uu talyaanigu sii hayo.
1955 Ingiriiska ayaa gobolka loyaqaan Reserved Area (Ogaadeenya) iyo Hawd kuwareejisey Itoobiya.
1960 bishii June 26keedii ayaa dhulkii ingriisku u bixiyey Somaliland ay kaxorowdey xukunkii Ingiriiska. bishii July 1deedii isla sanadkaas ayaa Soomaaliya intii uu Talyaanigu u bixiyey ItalianSomaliland ay xorowdey, markaas ayaa labadaas qaybood midoobeen.

Intii ka dambeysey shirkii Carta (Jabuuti) ee 2000 waxaa Soomaaliya soo maray 7 ra'iisul wasaare iyo ku simayaal oo kala ah:

Cali Khaliif Galeyr: October 8, 2000 ilaa October 28, 2001
Cusman Jaamac Cali: October 28, 2002 ilaa November 12, 2002 [ku-sime]
Hasan Abshir Faarax: November 12, 2001 ilaa December 8, 2003
Muxamed Cabdi Yuusuf: December 8, 2003 ilaa November 3, 2004
Cali Maxamed Geeddi: November 3, 2004 ilaa October 29, 2007
Saalim Caliyow Ibrow: October 29, 2007 ilaa November 22, 2007 [ku-sime]
Nuur Xasan Xuseen : November 22, 2007 - ilaa hadda